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Literature

How did acetaldehyde research lead to the invention of Acetium capsules?
- A medical breakthrough based on 30 years of basic research

Alongside asbestos and tobacco, acetaldehyde is a Group I human carcinogen. Now, upon the development of Acetium capsules reducing the risks posed by acetaldehyde, this is a well-known fact.

To achieve these results, 30 years of international research were required on the effects of acetaldehyde, Finns playing a key role in achieving the related breakthroughs. In total, eight doctoral theses have been published in connection with the research.

Eriksson CJ, Mizoi , Fukunaga T. The determination of acetaldehyde in human blood by the perchloric acid precipitation method: the characterization and elimination of artefactual acetaldehyde formation. Anal Biochem 1982;125:259-63.

Feron VJ, Til HP, deVrijer F, Woutersen RA, Cassee FR, van Bladeren PJ. Aldehydes: occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment. Mut Res 1991;259:363-85.

Homann N, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M. High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1739-43.

Jokelainen K, Roine RP, Väänänen H, Färkkilä M, Salaspuro M. In vitro acetaldehyde formation by human colonic bacteria. GUT 1994;35:1271-4.

Jokelainen K, Matysiak-Budnik T, Mäkisalo H, Höckerstedt K, Salaspuro M. High intracolonic acetaldehyde values produced by bacteriocolonic pathway for ethanol oxidation in piglets. GUT 1996;39:100-4.

Lachenmeier DW, Kanteres F, Rehm J. Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism. Addiction 2009; 104: 533-550.

Nuutinen H, Lindros KO, Salaspuro M: Determinants of blood acetaldehyde level during ethanol oxidation in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1983;7:163-8

Nuutinen HU, Salaspuro MP, Valle M, Lindros KO: Blood acetaldehyde concentration gradient between hepatic and anetcubital venous blood in ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics and controls. Eur J Clin Invest 1984;14:306-11).

Pikkarainen PH, Salaspuro MP, Lieber CS: A method for the determination of ”free” acetaldehyde in plasma. Alcohol Clin Exp res 1979;3:259-61

Salaspuro M. Commentary: Acetaldehyde: A cumulative carcinogen in humans. Addiction 2009; 104 (551-553).

Salaspuro M. Acetaldehyde as a common denominator and cumulative carcinogen in digestive tract cancers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 912-925.

Salaspuro V, Hietala J, Kaihovaara P, Pihlajarinne L, Marvola M, Salaspuro M. Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow-release buccal tablet of L-cysteine. Int J Cancer 2002;97:361-4.

Salaspuro V, Salaspuro M. Synergistic effect of alcoholc drinking and smoking on in vivo acetaldehyde concentration in saliva. Int J Cancer 2004;111:480-3.

Salaspuro VJ, Hietala JM, Marvola ML, Salaspuro MP. Eliminating carcinogenic acetaldehyde by cysteine from saliva during smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:146-9.

Salmela ks, Roine RP, Koivisto T, Höök-Nikanne J, Kosunen TU, Salaspuro M. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori alcohol dehydrogenase. Gastroenterology 1993;105:325-30.

Salmela KS, Roine RP, Höök-Nikanne J, Kosunen TU, Salaspuro M. Acetaldehyde and ethanol production by Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:309-12.

Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, et al. A review of human carcinogens—Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish.  www.thelancet.com/oncology, Vol 10 November 2009.

Seitz HK, Stickel F. Acetaldehyde as an underestimated risk factor for cancer development: role of genetics in ethanol metabolism. Genes Nutr 2009, October 2009.

Sprince H, Parker CM, Smith GG, Gonzales LJ. Protection against acetaldehyde toxicity in the rat by L-cysteine, thiamin and L-2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Agents Actions. 1974;4:125-30.

Stowell AR: An improved method for the determination of acetaldehyde in human blood with minimal interference. Clin Chim Acta 1979;98:201-5.

Stowell A, Hillbom M, Salaspuro M, Lindros KO: Low acetaldehyde levels in blood, breath and cerebrospinal fluid of intoxicated humans as assayed by improved methods. Adv Exp Med Biol 1980;132:635-45

Visapää JP, Götte K, Benesova M, Li J, Homann N, Conradt C, Inoue H, Tisch M, Hörrmann K, Väkeväinen S, Salaspuro M, Seitz HK. Increased  cancer risk in heavy drinkers with the alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*1 allele, possibly due to salivary acetaldehyde. Gut 2004;53:871-6.

Väkeväinen S, Mentula S, Nuutinen H, Salmela KS, Jousimies-Somer H, Färkkilä M, Salaspuro M. Ethanol-derived microbial production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde in achlorhydric atrophic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37(6): 648-655.

Väkeväinen S, Tillonen J, Blom M, Jousimies-Somer H, Salaspuro M. Acetaldehyde production and other ADH-related characteristics of aerobic bacteria isolated from hypochlorhydric human stomach. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:421-6.

Väkeväinen S, Tillonen J, Salaspuro M, Jousimies-Somer H, Nuutinen H, Färkkilä M. Hypochlorhydria induced by a proton pump inhibitor leads to intragastric microbial production of acetaldehyde from ethanol. Aliment Phramacol Ther 2000;14:1511-8.

Väkeväinen S, Tillonen J, Agarwall DP, Srivastava N, Salaspuro M. High salivary acetaldehyde after a moderate dose of alcohol in ALDH2-deficient subjects: strong evidence for the local carcinogenic action of acetaldehyde. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:873-7.

 

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